Abbreviations & Glossary

Term	Definition
AFIR	Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Regulation (EU 2023/1804) — EU mandates for EV charging and shore power.
BESS	Battery Energy Storage System — equipment that stores electrical energy for later discharge.
BO	Build & Operate — BOREAS funds, builds and retains ownership of the asset for its operating life.
BOT	Build-Operate-Transfer — BOREAS funds, builds and operates for 20 years, then transfers the storage to the host.
CAPEX	Capital Expenditure — upfront investment required to acquire and install infrastructure.
Cold ironing	Shore-side electricity supply to docked vessels, removing the need to run marine engines while berthed.
CPO	Charge Point Operator — entity licensed to operate EV charging infrastructure.
DC	Direct Current — used for fast and ultra-fast EV charging.
FCR / aFRR / mFRR	Grid balancing reserves of decreasing speed, sold by storage assets as ancillary services.
FGCO	Final Grid Connection Offer — binding capacity reservation from the grid operator; key value driver for BESS licences.
HPC / Ultra Fast	High-Power Charging — ≥150 kW under AFIR; BOREAS chargers are 200 kW Ultra Fast DC.
HV / MV / LV	High / Medium / Low Voltage — grid connection tiers.
NII	Non-Interconnected Island — a Greek island running its own autonomous electrical system.
PPC	Public Power Corporation — Greek incumbent utility and IslandGrid customer.
PSO	Public Service Obligation — Greek mechanism subsidising non-interconnected island electricity.
RAAEY	Regulatory Authority for Waste, Energy and Water — licenses BESS and CPOs in Greece.
RTE	Round-Trip Efficiency — energy out divided by energy in across a full charge-discharge cycle.
SECA	Sulphur Emission Control Area — Mediterranean SECA in force since May 2025.
Supercapacitor	High-cycle storage cell delivering full depth of discharge with no thermal-runaway fire risk.
kWh / MWh	Kilowatt-hour / Megawatt-hour — standard units of energy capacity.